High resolution non-contacting multi-turn position sensor

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are systems and methods for effectively sensing rotational position of an object. In certain embodiments, a rotational position sensor can include a shaft configured to couple with the rotating object. The shaft can be configured to couple with a magnet carrier such that rotation of the shaft yields translational motion of the carrier. A magnet mounted to the carrier also moves longitudinally with respect to the axis of the shaft, and relative to a magnetic field sensor configured to detect the magnet&#39;s longitudinal position. The detected longitudinal position can be in a range corresponding to a rotational range of the shaft, where the rotational range can be greater than one turn. In certain embodiments, the rotational position sensor can include a programmable capability to facilitate ease and flexibility in calibration and use in a wide range of applications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/689,047 filed Jan. 18, 2010 entitled HIGH RESOLUTION NON-CONTACTINGMULTI-TURN POSITION SENSOR, the benefit of the filing date of which ishereby claimed, and the disclosure of which is hereby expresslyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of sensors, andmore particularly, to systems and methods for sensing angular positionof an object such as a rotatable shaft.

2. Description of the Related Art

In many mechanical and/or electromechanical devices, it is desirable toaccurately determine a state of a rotating object. For example, arotating object such as a jackscrew imparts linear motion to anotherobject by its rotation. In many situations, it is desirable toaccurately determine the linearly moving object's location. Suchdetermination can be based on knowing the angular position of therotating object.

In some devices, angular position determination can be measured by anangular sensor. However, such angular sensors are either limited by onerotation (360 degrees) or have ambiguity in output when allowed to sensemore than one turn of the rotating device.

SUMMARY

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a devicehaving a housing. The device further includes a rotatable shaft having alongitudinal axis, wherein at least a portion of the shaft is within thehousing. The device further includes a movable carrier disposedsubstantially within the housing and coupled to the shaft such thatrotation of the shaft results in linear motion of the carrier along thelongitudinal axis. The device further includes a magnet disposed on thecarrier so as to move with the carrier such that a range of rotation ofthe shaft results in a range of linear motion of the magnet along thelongitudinal axis. The magnet can be oriented such that the magnet'smagnetization axis is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis. The device further includes a magnetic sensor circuit disposedsubstantially within the housing, where the circuit is configured touniquely determine position of the magnet anywhere within the range oflinear motion of the magnet thereby allowing determination of rotationalposition of the shaft within the range of rotation.

In certain embodiments, the range of rotation of the shaft is greaterthan 360 degrees. In certain embodiments, the carrier is coupled to theshaft via matching threads formed on the carrier and the shaft. Incertain embodiments, the matching threads are selected to provide therange of linear motion due to the range of rotation.

In certain embodiments, the magnetic sensor circuit comprises a Hallsensor assembly configured to measure flux density along themagnetization axis and flux density along the longitudinal axis. Incertain embodiments, the range of linear motion of the magnet isselected so that measured flux density along the magnetization axis hasa maximum value when the magnet's position is approximately at themiddle of the range of linear motion. In certain embodiments, themagnet's longitudinal position ambiguity resulting from the measuredflux density along the magnetization axis is resolved by directionalityof the measured flux density along the longitudinal axis.

In certain embodiments, the magnetic sensor circuit is programmable soas to allow definition of an output range corresponding to a subset ofthe range of rotation of the shaft. In certain embodiments, the subsetof the range of rotation comprises a rotation of the shaft by M degrees.M can be less than, equal to, or greater than 360 degrees. In certainembodiments, M is approximately equal to N times 360 degrees, N being apositive integer greater than 1.

In certain embodiments, an output signal within the output range has anapproximately linear relationship with the rotational position of theshaft within the subset of the range of rotation of the shaft. Incertain embodiments, the linear relationship is derived based on aplurality of known responses at rotational positions of the shaft withinthe subset of the range of rotation of the shaft.

In certain embodiments, the magnetic sensor circuit is configured tooutput a signal representative of the rotational position of the shaft.In certain embodiments, the magnetic sensor circuit comprises ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) such that the output signal comprisesa digital signal. In certain embodiments, the resolution of the digitalsignal is selected based on a subset of the range of rotation of theshaft.

In certain embodiments, the device further includes a sleeve dimensionedto support the shaft and facilitate the shaft's rotation relative to thehousing. In certain embodiments, the device further includes a shieldconfigured to shield the magnetic sensor circuit from externalelectromagnetic influence. In certain embodiments, the shield is formedfrom a high magnetic permeability material.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a multi-turnrotational position sensor having a rotatable shaft having alongitudinal axis. The sensor further includes a movable carrier coupledto the shaft such that rotation of the shaft results in linear motion ofthe carrier along the longitudinal axis. The sensor further includes amagnet disposed on the carrier so as to move with the carrier such thatN rotations of the shaft results in a range of linear motion of themagnet along the longitudinal axis, with the quantity N being greaterthan 1. The sensor further includes a programmable integrated circuitconfigured to allow defining of the N rotations of the shaft as anoperating range of the rotational position sensor. The programmableintegrated circuit includes a magnetic sensor configured and oriented soas to measure at least two directional components of the magnet's fieldto allow determination of the magnet's longitudinal position relative tothe magnetic sensor and thus the shaft's rotational position within theoperating range.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method forcalibrating a rotational position sensor having a magnet that moveslinearly with respect to a magnetic field measurement device in responseto rotation of a shaft of the rotational position sensor. The methodincludes selecting a range of rotation of the shaft. The method furtherincludes determining a desired output response based on known magneticfield measurements for a plurality of linear positions of the magnetrelative to the magnetic field measurement device, with the plurality oflinear positions corresponding to rotational positions of the shaftwithin the range of rotation. The method further includes storinginformation representative of the desired output response, with theinformation allowing determination of a unique output for an input ofmagnetic field measurements at a given linear location of the magnetrelative to the magnetic field measurement device.

In certain embodiments, the desired output response includes a responsethat is proportional to the rotational position of the shaft.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to acomputer-readable medium containing machine-executable instructionsthat, if executed by an apparatus having one or more processors, causesthe apparatus to perform operations including receiving an input ofsignals representative of magnetic field measurements resulting from amagnet in proximity to a sensor, with the magnet and the sensorconfigured such that the magnet is movable linearly relative to thesensor in response to a rotational motion of a shaft coupled to themagnet. The operations further include generating an output signalrepresentative of a rotational position of the shaft, with the outputsignal determined by a desired output response that is based oncalibration data representative of a plurality of known responsescorresponding to shaft positions within a range of rotation. In certainembodiments, machine-executable instructions can be modified so as tochange the range of rotation.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a sensor fordetermining a rotational position of an object. The sensor includes arotatable shaft having a longitudinal axis and configured to allowrotational coupling with the object. The sensor further includes asensed assembly coupled to the shaft such that rotation of the shaftresults in linear motion of the sensed assembly along the longitudinalaxis. The sensor further includes a sensor assembly disposed relative tothe sensed assembly so as to allow determination of longitudinalposition of the sensed assembly at a plurality of locations along thelongitudinal axis. The sensor further includes a housing configured tohouse at least some portions of the sensed assembly, the sensorassembly, and the rotatable shaft. The housing is configured to bemountable to a mounting structure, with the housing dimensioned to havea curved wall, and first and second substantially straight wallsextending from the ends of the curved wall so as to define a U-shape.

In certain embodiments, the curved wall comprises a substantiallysemi-cylindrical wall about an axis that substantially coincides withthe longitudinal axis of the shaft. In certain embodiments, the sensedassembly comprises a magnet mounted on a carrier. In certainembodiments, the carrier has a U-shaped profile dimensioned to bemoveable within the U-shaped wall of the housing. In certainembodiments, the sensor assembly comprises a magnetic field sensorconfigured to detect the magnet.

In certain embodiments, the housing is dimensioned to be mountable tothe mounting structure so as to provide a circular mountingfunctionality about the axis about the semi-cylindrical wall. In certainembodiments, the rotatable sensor is coupled to the housing so as toallow a range of rotation that is greater than one turn.

In certain embodiments, the housing further includes a cap wall disposedopposite from the curved wall. In certain embodiments, the cap wall canjoin the first and second substantially straight walls such that the capwall is approximately perpendicular to the first and secondsubstantially straight walls. In certain embodiments, the cap wall andthe first and second substantially straight walls can form curvedcorners. In certain embodiments, the cap wall and the first and secondsubstantially straight walls can form generally square corners.

In certain embodiments, the sensor further includes a shield configuredto provide shielding to at least the sensor assembly from external fieldor radiation. In certain embodiments, the shield is configured toattenuate X-ray, gamma radiation, charged particle radiation, orneutrons. In certain embodiments, the sensor assembly is disposed withinthe upper portion of the U-shaped housing. In certain embodiments, theshield substantially conforms to the upper portion of the U-shapedhousing so as to provide shielding effect for external field ofradiation that is generally directional. In certain embodiments, thehousing and the shield are configured such that the shield is readilyremovable.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a rotationalposition sensor having a housing. The sensor further includes arotatable shaft having a longitudinal axis, where at least a portion ofthe shaft is within the housing. The sensor further includes a movablecarrier disposed substantially within the housing and coupled to theshaft such that rotation of the shaft results in linear motion of thecarrier along the longitudinal axis. The sensor further includes amagnet disposed on the carrier so as to move with the carrier such thata range of rotation of the shaft results in a range of linear motion ofthe magnet along the longitudinal axis. The sensor further includes amagnetic sensor circuit disposed substantially within the housing. Thecircuit is configured to uniquely determine linear position of themagnet based on simultaneous detection of two or more components ofmagnetic field at the magnetic sensor circuit generated by the magnet,with the linear position determination allowing determination ofrotational position of the shaft.

In certain embodiments, the magnet is disposed on the carrier such thatthe magnetic field at the magnetic sensor circuit defines an axis thatis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. In certainembodiments, the magnet comprises a dipole magnet having north and southpoles positioned along the axis.

In certain embodiments, the magnet comprises one or more dipole magnets.In certain embodiments, the magnet comprises a dipole magnet havingnorth and south poles positioned along an axis that is substantiallyperpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically depicts an example embodiment of a rotationalposition sensor;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show that the rotational position sensor of FIG. 1 canbe configured to mechanically transform an input rotational motion to arange of translational motion of a sensed element such as a magnet whosetranslational position can be detected by a sensing element such as amagnetic field detector;

FIG. 3 schematically shows that in certain embodiments, the rotationalposition sensor can include a processor and a memory to facilitate aprogrammable capability;

FIG. 4A shows non-limiting examples of magnet configurations that can beutilized for the magnet of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4B shows that in certain embodiments, the magnet can be a permanentdipole magnet positioned so that its magnetization axis is substantiallyperpendicular to the direction of the magnet's longitudinal motion;

FIG. 4C shows that in certain embodiments, the magnet can be orientedrelative to its translational motion and the magnetic field detectorsuch that its magnetic axis representative of the field pattern at orabout the detector is generally perpendicular to the translationalmotion direction and generally normal to a plane defined by the magneticfield detector;

FIGS. 5A and 5B show example distributions of magnetic field strengthsfor the configuration of FIG. 4;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show that the example magnet orientation of FIG. 4provides substantial symmetry of the magnet about its magnetic axis soas to reduce sensitivity in alignment of the magnet with respect to themagnetic field detector;

FIGS. 7A and 7B show that the example magnet orientation of FIG. 4 canalso provide reduced sensitivity to misalignments of the magnet alonglateral directions;

FIG. 8 show an exploded view of an example embodiment of the rotationalposition sensor of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9A shows a cutaway perspective view of the rotational positionsensor of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9B shows a cutaway side view of the rotational position sensor ofFIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows an assembled perspective view of the rotational positionsensor of FIG. 8;

FIG. 11A shows that in certain embodiments, a shield can be provided forthe rotational position sensor of FIG. 10;

FIG. 11B shows an example situation where an internal component such asthe sensing element of the rotational position sensor can be shielded bythe example shield of FIG. 11A;

FIGS. 12A-12F show various non-limiting examples of housing shapes andshield shapes that can be implemented;

FIG. 13 shows an example configuration for calibrating the rotationalposition sensor;

FIG. 14 shows an example of how calibration data can be represented andstored for use during operation of the rotational position sensor;

FIG. 15 shows an example calibration process that can be implemented;

FIG. 16 shows that in certain embodiments, the rotational positionsensor can include a rate component configured to calculate, forexample, rotational rate based on sensed angular positions; and

FIGS. 17A and 17B show non-limiting examples of feedback control systemsthat can be implemented utilizing the rotational position sensor.

These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the presentteachings will become apparent upon reading the following detaileddescription and upon reference to the accompanying drawings. In thedrawings, similar elements have similar reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure generally relates to a rotational positionsensor. As described herein, one or more embodiments of the rotationalposition sensor can have advantageous features. For example, the sensorcan be configured to provide a multi-turn input capability, and thenumber of turns for such an input can be selected and programmed.Accordingly, rotational position resolution of the sensor can beadjusted from relatively coarse resolution to relatively high or fineresolution. In another example, the sensor can be configured to providesuch functionality with non-contacting arrangement between a sensingelement and a sensed element. Accordingly, various mechanical issuestypically associated with physically contacting configurations can beavoided.

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the rotationalposition sensor transforms rotational motion of a rotating object (suchas a shaft) into a translational motion of a sensed element. A sensingelement is provided and positioned relative to the sensed element so asto allow determination of the sensed element's translational position.In certain embodiments, such translational position of the sensedelement corresponds to a unique rotational position of the shaft.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, a rotational position sensor100 can include a rotating object such as a shaft 102 mechanicallycoupled to a carrier 104. The mechanical coupling can be configured sothat rotation of the shaft 102 translates to translational motion of thecarrier 104. In certain embodiments, such a translational motion of thecarrier 104 can be a substantially linear motion along a directionsubstantially parallel to the rotational axis of the shaft 102.

In certain embodiments, the mechanical coupling between the shaft 102and the carrier 104 can include matching screw threads formed on theshaft 102 and on the inner surface of an aperture defined by the carrier104. Additional details of an example of such threaded coupling aredescribed herein.

In certain embodiments, a lead value for the matching threads can beselected so as to provide a mechanical gear ratio between the rotationof the shaft 102 and the translation of the carrier 104. For the purposeof description herein, the term “pitch” may be used interchangeably withthe term “lead” with an assumption that various example screw threadshave single threadforms. It will be understood that one or more featuresof the present disclosure can also apply to screw threads having morethan one threadforms. Thus, if appropriate in the description,distinctions between the two terms may be made.

As shown in FIG. 1, the rotational position sensor 100 further includesa magnet 106 disposed on the carrier 104 so as to be moveable with thecarrier 104. Additional details about different orientations of themagnet 106 relative to the translational motion direction are describedherein.

As shown in FIG. 1, the rotational position sensor 100 further includesa sensing element 108 configured to sense the magnet 106 at variouslocations along the translational motion direction. Additional detailsabout the sensing element 108 are described herein.

In certain embodiments, the rotational position sensor 100 can alsoinclude a housing 110 to protect various components, facilitatemounting, etc. Additional details about the housing are describedherein.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show that in certain embodiments, rotation of the shaft102 in a first direction (arrow 120) results in the carrier 104 (and themagnet 106) moving linearly in a first direction (arrow 122), based onthe mechanical gear ratio between the shaft 102 and the carrier 104.Rotation of the shaft in the opposite direction (arrow 130) results inthe carrier 104 (and the magnet 106) moving linearly in a seconddirection (arrow 132) that is opposite the first linear direction 122.

Based on such coupling of the shaft and the carrier, a range (Δα) ofrotational motion (indicated by arrow 140) of the shaft 102 can be madeto correspond to a range (ΔY, indicated by arrow 142) of linear motionof the magnet 106 defined by two end positions (144 a, 144 b) of thecarrier 104. In certain embodiments, the linear motion of the carrier104 and/or the magnet 106 can be constrained within the housing 110.Accordingly, the mechanical coupling between the shaft 102 and thecarrier 104 can be selected such that the linear motion range (ΔY)corresponding to the rotational range (Δα) of the shaft 102 is less thanor equal to the mechanically constrained range of the carrier 104 and/orthe magnet 106.

FIG. 2B shows an example coordinate system with “Y” representing thelinear motion direction. It will be understood that the shown coordinatesystem is simply for the purpose of description and is not intended tolimit the scope of the present disclosure in any manner.

FIG. 3 shows that in certain embodiments, the rotational position sensor100 can include various functional components. As described in referenceto FIGS. 1 and 2, a mechanical coupling component 156 can transformrotational movement of the shaft (102) into a linear movement of themagnet (106) that can be represented as a magnet component 158.Positions of the magnet can be detected by the sensor element (108) thatcan be represented as a field sensor component 154.

In certain embodiments, the rotational position sensor 100 can alsoinclude a processor component 150 and a memory component 152 that canprovide one or more functionalities as described herein. In certainembodiments, the processor 150 and the memory 152 can provideprogrammable functionality with respect to, for example, calibration andoperating dynamic range of the sensor 100.

As an example, such programmability can facilitate selection of adesired rotational range (depicted as an input 160); and a rotationalposition of the shaft within such a range can be provided with a uniqueoutput value that is within a selected output range (depicted as anoutput 170). Additional details about such programmability are describedherein.

In certain embodiments, the magnet 106 depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 can beconfigured in a number of ways. FIG. 4A depicts non-limiting examples ofmagnets that can be utilized in one or more embodiments of therotational position sensor 100 as described herein. For example, themagnet can be a cylindrical shaped magnet (172 a, 172 b, 172 c) or someother shaped magnet such as a box shaped magnet (172 d, 172 e, 172 f).For the purpose of description of FIG. 4A, it will be understood thatthe slanted line fill pattern and the unfilled pattern indicate twopoles of a dipole magnet. For example, the unfilled pattern canrepresent a north pole, and the slanted line fill pattern can representa south pole.

In certain embodiments, the magnet 106 can be a permanent magnet. Incertain embodiments, the permanent magnet can be a single dipole magnetor a combination or two or more dipole magnets.

For the purpose of description herein, a permanent magnet can include amagnet that includes a material that is magnetized and generates its ownsubstantially persistent magnetic field. Such materials can includeferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and certain rareearth metals and some of their alloys.

For the purpose of description herein, it will be understood that asingle dipole magnet has what are generally referred to as “north” and“south” poles, such that magnetic field lines are designated as goingfrom the north pole to the south pole. For the single dipole magnet, itsmagnetization axis is generally understood to be a line extendingthrough the magnet's north and south poles.

For example, the example magnet 172 a is a cylindrical shaped magnethaving north and south poles along the cylinder's axis. In such aconfiguration, the magnetization axis can be approximately coaxial withthe cylindrical axis.

In another example of a cylindrical shaped magnet 172 b, the north andsouth poles are depicted as being azimuthal halves of the cylinder.Accordingly, its magnetization axis is likely approximatelyperpendicular to the cylindrical axis. In shaped magnets having two ormore dipole magnets (e.g., 172 c, 172 f), a magnetization axis may ormay not form relatively simple orientation with respect to the shape'saxis. For the purpose of description herein, it will be understood thatmagnetization axis can include an overall characteristic of a magnet, aswell as a local characteristic of a magnetic field pattern generated bya magnet.

In certain examples described herein, magnetization axis is depicted asbeing generally perpendicular to the longitudinal motion of the magnet.However, it will be understood that other orientations of themagnetization axis are also possible. For example, magnet configurations172 b, 172 c, 172 e, and 172 f can yield non-perpendicular magnetizationaxes when positioned as shown and moved along the indicated Y direction.

FIG. 4B shows that in certain embodiments, the magnet 106 can be adipole magnet positioned so that its magnetization axis 182 issubstantially perpendicular to the direction of the magnet'slongitudinal motion (depicted as arrow 174). For example, a cylindricalpermanent magnet can be positioned so that its north and south poles aregenerally form the magnetization axis 182 that is substantiallyperpendicular to the longitudinal direction. As described herein, suchlongitudinal motion can result from rotation (120, 130) of the shaft 102to which the magnet 106 is coupled. As also described herein, suchlongitudinal motion can move the magnet 106 relative to the sensorelement 108 so as to facilitate determination of the magnet'slongitudinal position relative to the sensor element 108.

In the example shown in FIG. 4B, the magnetization axis 182 can begenerally similar to the axis of the magnet's shape (e.g., a cylinder).An example shown in FIG. 4C depicts a more localized view of magneticfield lines 180 generated by the magnet 106. Although the magnet 106depicted in FIGS. 4C-7B are described in the context of a dipole magnetsuch as that shown in FIG. 4B, it will be understood that a similarmagnetic field pattern can be generated or approximated by other magnetconfigurations having one or more dipole magnets. Thus, themagnetization axis 182 depicted in FIG. 4C can be representative of alocal field affecting the sensor element 108.

In certain embodiments, the magnet 106 can be oriented such that itsmagnetization axis 182 representative of magnetic field at or about thesensor element 108 is generally perpendicular to the translationalmotion direction. In certain embodiments, the magnet 106 can bepositioned so that the magnetization axis and the longitudinal axisgenerally define a plane that extends through an approximate center ofthe sensor element 108. In the context of the example coordinate systemshown in FIG. 2B, the magnetization axis of the magnet 106 is generallyalong the Z axis in such embodiments. As described herein, such aconfiguration can provide features that are desirable.

FIG. 4C shows a more detailed view of a pole section of the magnet 106relative to a side view of the sensor element 108. As shown, themagnetization axis 182 of the magnet 106 is depicted as being generallyperpendicular to a plane defined by the sensor element 108.

Also shown are depictions of magnetic field lines 180 generated by themagnet 106. Assuming that the shown pole is a magnetic north pole,several field vectors are depicted in their decomposed (B_(Z) and B_(Y))forms (in the example coordinate system shown in FIG. 2B). As shown,field vectors 184 are generally symmetrical about the magnetization axis182. Thus, the Z component of the field vector 184 a is generally samein direction and magnitude as the Z component of the field vector 184 d;and the Y component of the vector 184 a is opposite in direction butgenerally same in magnitude as the Y component of the vector 184 d.Similarly, the field vector 184 b is generally a mirror image of thefield vector 184 c.

Based on the foregoing, average contribution of B_(Z) is generallysymmetric about some Y=0 as the magnet moves along the Y direction. Suchsymmetry is depicted as a B_(Z) curve 190 in FIG. 5A. If the B_(Z)component alone is measured by the sensor element 108, then there may ormay not be ambiguity in magnet's position determination. For example, ifthe sensor element 108 and the magnet 106 are configured so that themagnet's motion is limited to one longitudinal side of the sensorelement, the measured B_(Z) component may be that of the Y>0 portion ofthe curve 190. In such a situation, there is likely no ambiguity inposition determination based on the B_(Z) component alone. However, ifthe sensor element 108 and the magnet 106 are configured so that themagnet's motion is allowed on both longitudinal sides of the sensorelement, there can be an ambiguity in position determination that can beresolved.

In certain embodiments, magnetic field component along the translationalmotion direction (B_(Y)) can be measured simultaneously with the B_(Z)component. Based on the example field representations 184 in FIG. 4C,the average contribution of B_(Y) is generally asymmetric about some Y=0as the magnet moves along the Y direction. Such asymmetry is depicted asa B_(Y) curve 192 in FIG. 5B. Thus, the B_(Z) ambiguity about Y=0 can beresolved by the asymmetry where B_(Y)>0 when Y>0 and B_(Y)<0 when Y<0.

In certain embodiments, it is possible to characterize the magnet'sposition along the Y direction based on the values of B_(Y) component.However, utilizing the B_(Z) component can be advantageous for a numberof reasons. For example, detection of perpendicular component (relativeto a magnetic field detection plane) is usually preferred over othercomponents. In another example, the B_(Y) curve 192 passes through azero value at Y=0. Thus, at Y=0 and near Y=0, the B_(Y) component has avalue of zero or a value that is relatively small. Consequently,signal-to-noise ratio can be unacceptably low at what can be amid-portion of the magnet's travel along the Y direction. In contrast,the B_(Z) component has a maximum value at generally the samemid-portion of the magnet's travel along the y direction. Further, themaximum value of the B_(Z) component can be typically significantlyhigher than the maximum value of the B_(Y) component.

In addition to the foregoing features, there are other considerationsfor which the example magnet orientation of FIG. 4C can provideadvantageous features. Such features can include relative insensitivityof the output (170 in FIG. 3) to various deviations in the magnet'sorientation.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show the magnet 106 mounted on the carrier 104, andviewed along the magnetization axis. For such an example configuration,mounting can be achieved by the carrier 104 defining a recess (262 inFIG. 8) shaped similar to at least a portion of the magnet 106 (e.g.,cylindrical shaped recess to receive cylindrical shaped magnet). In thecontext of such an example mounting configuration, FIGS. 6A and 6B showthat due to the generally symmetric magnetic field, azimuthalorientation of the magnet 106 with respect to the magnetization axis(parallel to Z-axis in FIGS. 6A and 6B) generally does not affect themagnetic field 180 reaching the sensor element (108 in FIG. 4C). For thepurpose of showing different azimuthal orientations, an indicator 200 isdepicted on the magnet 106.

In certain embodiments, the magnet 106 is preferably mounted on thecarrier 104 so that the magnet's magnetization axis is substantiallyalong the Z-axis, and thus perpendicular to both X and Y axes. Due tovarious reasons, however, the magnetization axis may deviate from theZ-axis; and examples of such deviations are depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

In FIG. 7A, a side view of the magnet-carrier assembly shows that themounted magnet's axis 182 deviates from the Z-axis (indicated as 210) toresult in the magnet 106 being tilted along the Y direction. In FIG. 7B,an end view of the magnet-carrier assembly shows that the mountedmagnet's axis 182 deviates from the Z-axis (indicated as 210) to resultin the magnet 106 being tilted along the X direction. In certainsituations, the magnet 106 can be tilted so as to yield a combination ofX and Y tilts of FIGS. 7A and 7B.

If the magnet 106 is tilted in the foregoing manner, the magnetic fieldpatterns may deviate from the ideal pattern depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B.Because the B_(Z) component is relatively large compared to the B_(Y)component, and because the deviation angle (relative to Z-axis) isrelatively small, the net effect on B_(Z) can be relatively small.Further, even if there are significant deviations in B_(Z) and/or B_(Y)components, programmability in certain embodiments as described hereincan account for such deviations and thus make the output even lesssensitive to magnet orientation.

FIGS. 8-10 show various views of an example configuration of therotational position sensor 100. FIG. 8 shows an exploded view 220; FIG.9A shows an assembled cutaway perspective view 300; FIG. 9B shows anassembled cutaway side view 310; and FIG. 10 shows an assembledperspective view 320.

As shown, the shaft 102 includes a first end 230 configured tofacilitate transfer of torque to the shaft 102 from an externalcomponent (not shown). In the example shown, the first end 230 defines aslot 302 (FIG. 9A) for such a purpose. It will be understood that anumber of different configurations are possible.

The shaft 102 also includes a second end 232 configured to couple withthe carrier 104. In the example shown, the second end 232 of the shaft102 and a matching aperture 260 of the carrier 104 define matchingthread patterns that facilitate translational motion of the carrier 104in response to rotation of the shaft 102.

The second end 232 of the shaft 102 is shown to be dimensioned toreceive a retaining clip 256 for limiting travel of the carrier 104. Thesecond end 232 is also shown to include a tip 234 (FIG. 9A) dimensionedto be received by a similarly dimensioned recess 304 defined by an endcap 272 so as to constrain the second end 232 of the shaft.

In the example shown, a portion between the first and second ends (230,232) of the shaft 102 is dimensioned to be supported within an aperture252 defined by a sleeve 250. The sleeve 250 in turn is dimensioned to besecured to the housing 110 via a bushing 240 and a washer 254. Thus,supports of the shaft 102 by the sleeve 250 and the recess 304 of theend cap 274 allow the shaft to rotate with relative precision withrespect to the housing 110. Further, longitudinal motion of the shaft102 with respect to the bushing 240 (and thus the housing 110) isinhibited by a retaining washer 242 and the washer 254.

In certain embodiments, the bushing 240 can include external screwthreads that mate with a mounting nut 244 to allow mounting of thesensor assembly. As shown in FIG. 9B, the thread pattern on the bushingcan be selected to provide an adjustable space 312 between the mountingnut 244 and the housing to facilitate mounting to various dimensionedstructures such as plates. A washer 246 can further facilitate suchmounting.

In certain situations, it may be desirable to have the overall shape ofthe sensor assembly to be in certain form. For example, a design maycall for a rounded form of housing (when viewed longitudinally). Moreparticularly, a design preference may call for a circular shaped housingwith respect to the longitudinal axis of the shaft. However, if theinterior of the housing is circularly shaped and the carrier is shapedcircularly also with the shaft extending through the carrier's center,the carrier's rotational tendency (in response to the shaft rotation)may not be inhibited in absence of some rotation-inhibiting features.

Thus, in certain embodiments, a side wall 207 of the housing 110 can beshaped in a “U” shape (when viewed longitudinally), and the carrier canbe shaped accordingly. In certain embodiments, the curved portion of the“U” can be substantially semi-circular in shape, and the longitudinalaxis of the shaft 102 can be positioned at the center of a circle thatwould be formed by two of such semi-circles. Such a configuration canaccommodate at least some of the aforementioned circular designpreference. In certain embodiments, the sides of the “U” can extendupward so as to inhibit the rotational tendency of the carrier 104.

In certain embodiments, the top portion of the “U” shaped side wall 207can be generally flat so as to accommodate a circuit assembly 280 thatcan be formed on a flat circuit board. In the example shown, the circuitassembly 280 can be formed as a substantially complete unit on a printedcircuit board that is dimensioned to slide into grooves 276 formed nearthe top portion of the side wall 270.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8, the example carrier 104 canalso have a “U” shape to fit into the side wall 270 and slidelongitudinally therein in response to the rotation of the shaft 102.Similar to the side wall 270, the top portion of the carrier 104 can begenerally flat so as to accommodate the flat shaped circuit assembly280. The height of the carrier's “U” shape can be selected so as toallow mounting of the magnet 106 thereon (via the recess 262) at adesired Z distance (see the example coordinate system in FIG. 2B) fromthe sensing element 108.

As shown, the circuit assembly 280 can include one or more electricalcontacts 282, and such contacts can be allowed to extend out of thehousing 110 through appropriately formed holes on the end cap 272. Incertain embodiments, a sealing member 274 can be provided so as tofacilitate assembly of the rotational sensor device, as well as provideat least some sealing functionality for various components inside of thehousing 110. Such sealing member can include a gasket, an epoxy, or somecombination thereof.

FIG. 10 shows an assembled perspective view 320 of the rotationalposition sensor. One can see that the example configurations andarrangements of various components as described herein allow therotational position sensor to provide magnetic field sensingfunctionality in a relatively simple and compact packaging whilesatisfying certain design criteria.

In certain embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11A, the side wall 270of the housing can include slots 324 dimensioned to facilitate easymounting and removal of a shield 290. In certain situations, therotational position sensor can be subjected to external electric and/ormagnetic fields, and/or radiation.

Because the sensor element 108 operates by sensing magnetic fields, itis desirable to limit magnetic fields to those from the magnet 106 foraccurate measurements. Thus, in certain embodiments, the shield 290 canbe formed of material that has relatively high magnetic permeability.For example, metal alloys such as Permalloys and Mu-metals can be usedto form the shield 290.

As shown, the shield 290 can be shaped to substantially conform to theupper portion 322 of the side wall 270. In certain embodiments, a cover292 can be dimensioned to have its edges slide into the slots 324 andsandwich the shield 290 between the cover 292 and the upper portion 322of the side wall 270. In certain embodiments, the cover 292 can beformed relatively easily from plastic to accommodate its shape that ismore complex than the shield 290 (to fit into the slots 324).

In certain operating conditions, the rotational position sensor may besubjected to radiation such as X-ray, gamma radiation, energetic chargedparticles, neutrons, and/or other ionizing radiations. Such radiationcan have detrimental effects on one or more parts of the rotationalsensor, especially upon prolonged exposure. For example, in embodimentswhere the sensor element 108 is formed from or based on semiconductormaterials and/or components, exposure to radiation can degrade thesensing performance.

FIG. 11B shows that in certain embodiments, the example shield 290 canprovide effective shielding of the sensor element 108 from radiation 328without having to fully enclose the housing 270. In common situationswhere the general direction of radiation 328 is known, the rotationalposition sensor can be oriented so that the shield 290 covers the sensorelement 108 and/or other component(s) from the radiation so as to reducetheir exposure.

For example, suppose that a rotational position sensor is being used tomonitor the position of a movable patient platform for a radiation basedtreatment or imaging device. Many of such platforms are moved viajackscrews, and monitoring of the rotation of such jackscrews (by therotational position sensor) can provide information about the platformposition. In such controlled clinical situations, direction and amountof radiation associated with the treatment or imaging device aregenerally well known. Thus, the rotational position sensor (with ashield) can be oriented so as to provide shielding effect from theradiation.

In certain embodiments, the radiation shield 290 can be formed from anddimensioned to provide shielding effect from particular radiation byattenuating intensity of such radiation. Materials such as lead havingheavy nuclei can be suitable for shielding X-ray and gamma radiation;whereas low density materials such as plastic or acrylic glass can besuitable for energetic electrons. Other materials for other types ofradiations are also possible.

As described herein, use of such easily installable and removableshields can provide an advantageous feature in the context of radiationsafety. Because the internal components are shielded from performancedegrading radiation, the rotational position sensor can have a longerservice life. In the event that the shield needs to be replaced due toits own activated radiation from prolonged exposure, the shield can bereplaced relatively easily; and the radioactive shield can be stored ordisposed of safely easily due to its relatively small size and simpleform.

FIGS. 12A-12F show various non-limiting examples of the housing 270 thatcan be used as part of the rotational position sensor. Also shown arenon-limiting example configurations of the shield 290 having one or morefeatures as described herein.

FIG. 12A shows an example housing configuration 500, where the housing270 includes a curved wall 502, and first and second walls 504 a, 504 bthat extend from the curved wall 502 so as to form a “U” shaped wall.Examples of advantageous features that can be provided by U-shaped wallsare described herein in reference to FIGS. 8 and 9.

FIG. 12A further shows that in certain embodiments, the carrier 104 canbe shaped to generally conform to and move longitudinally relative tothe interior of the U-shaped wall. Various features of the carrier 104(e.g., coupling with the shaft 102, and holding of the magnet 106 so asto allow longitudinal movement relative to the sensor element 108) aredescribed herein.

FIG. 12B shows that in certain embodiments, the curved wall can bedefined by a portion of a circle 516. For example, in an example housingconfiguration 510, the curved wall can be defined by a semi-circle 512that is part of the shown circle 516. In certain embodiments, theportion of the circle defining the curved wall can be an arc thatextends more or less than approximately 180 degrees associated with thesemi-circle. In the example shown in FIG. 12B, the center of the circle516 that defines the semi-circle wall 512 can be substantiallyconcentric with the center of the shaft 102.

As further shown in FIG. 12B, first and second walls 514 a, 514 b canextend from the semi-circular wall 512 so as to form a U-shaped wall ofthe housing 270. In certain embodiments, the carrier 104 can be formedso as to substantially conform to the interior of the curved portion ofthe U-shaped wall. For example, the curved portion of the carrier 104can be defined by a semicircle that is part of the depicted circle 518so as to conform to the example semi-circle wall 512.

FIGS. 12C and 12E show that the top portion of the U-shaped housing canbe configured in a number of different ways. An example configuration520 of FIG. 12C shows that a cap wall 524 can be coupled with the sidewalls (e.g., 514 a, 514 b in FIG. 12B) so as to form substantiallysquare corners indicated as 522 a and 522 b. Another exampleconfiguration 540 of FIG. 12E shows that a cap wall 544 can be coupledwith the side walls (e.g., 514 a, 514 b in FIG. 12B) so as to formrounded corners indicated as 542 a and 542 b.

FIGS. 12D and 12F show that the shield 290 having one or morefunctionalities as described herein can be shaped in a number of ways.An example configuration 530 of FIG. 12D shows that the shield 290 canbe shaped to generally conform to the example square-cornered (522 a,522 b) top portion of the housing of FIG. 12C, such that the shield 290includes generally square corners indicated as 532 a and 532 b. Anotherexample configuration 550 of FIG. 12F shows that the shield 290 can beshaped to generally conform to the example rounded-cornered (542 a, 542b) top portion of the housing of FIG. 12E, such that the shield 290includes rounded corners indicated as 552 a and 552 b.

For the purpose of description of FIGS. 12A-12F, it will be understoodthat terms such as “top” and “side” are used in the context of relativepositions of different parts associated with the U-shaped wall, andshould not be construed to mean that the rotational position sensor as awhole needs to be positioned as such. For clarity, it will be understoodthat for embodiments of the rotational position sensor having theU-shaped housing, the sensor can be oriented in any manner (e.g., “U”opening up, down, sideway, or any combination thereof) as needed ordesired.

As described herein in reference to FIG. 3, certain embodiments of therotational position sensor 100 can include a programmable functionalitywith respect to, for example, calibration and operating dynamic range ofthe sensor 100. FIGS. 13 and 14 show examples of such programmability.

In FIG. 13, a calibration system 330 can include a controller 332 incommunication (depicted as line 334) with an actuator 336 so as to allowcontrolled rotation (arrow 338) of the shaft 102. In response to thecontrolled rotations (e.g., in steps), the magnet 106 is depicted asmoving relative to the sensor element 108 in a selected longitudinalmotion range (depicted as 350) within the housing 110. At each of thecontrolled magnet positions, an output signal can be collected throughthe contacts 282 via a connector 342, and such signal can be provided(line 340) to the controller 332 for processing.

The calibration data 360 obtained in the foregoing manner can berepresented in a number of ways. As shown in an example representation360 in FIG. 14, a relationship between an output such as voltage and aninput such as an angular position a can be obtained. For a plurality ofcalibration data points 362 obtained at a number of angular positions(e.g., obtained in increments of Δα), a curve such as a linear line 380can be fit to represent a relationship between the output voltage andthe input angular position. Fitting of such representative curve can beachieved in a number of ways that are generally known.

In certain situations, some portion(s) of the calibration data pointsmay deviate systematically from a representative curve. For example,data points near the upper limit of the angular position α are depictedas deviating from the linear line 380 (representative of the mainportion of the angular range). Such deviation can occur due to a numberof reasons. For the purpose of description, the systematic deviation isshown as being represented by a deviation curve 370.

In certain embodiments, one or more corrections can be made so as toadjust an output so as to yield a desired output representation. Forexample, the systematic deviation 370 can be adjusted (arrow 372) suchthat the output voltage can be represented as a substantially linearrelationship within a defined range of the angular position α.

In certain embodiments, information about the calibrated input-to-outputrelationship can be stored so as to be retrievable during operation ofthe rotational position sensor 100. For example, such information can bestored in the memory component 150 of FIG. 3 in one of a number offormats, including, a lookup table, one or more parameters (e.g., slopeand intercept parameters if linear relationship is used) for analgorithm representative of the relationship, etc.

FIG. 15 shows an example process 400 that can be implemented to achieveone or more features of the calibration process described in referenceto FIGS. 13 and 14. In a process block 402, the shaft of the angularposition sensor 100 can be rotated to a first position (α₁)representative of a first limit (e.g., lower limit) of a desired rangeof rotational motion. The process 400 then can enter an iterativesequence where measurements are taken at incremental steps. Thus, in adecision block 404, the process 400 determines whether the currentangular position α is less than a second position (α₂) representative ofa second limit (e.g., upper limit) of the desired range of rotationalmotion. If the answer is “Yes,” the process 400 continues with anotheriteration of measurement. In a process block 406, a calibrationmeasurement can be obtained at the current shaft position α. In aprocess block 408, the shaft position can be incrementally changed byΔα, and the process 400 can perform the test of the decision block 404with the updated angular position.

If the answer in the decision block 404 is “No,” a systematic correction(if any) can optionally be applied in a process block 410. In a processblock 412, a representative output response (e.g., a linear outputresponse) can be obtained. In a process block 414, information about therepresentative output response can be stored so as to allow retrievaland use during operation of the angular position sensor 100.

In certain embodiments, the calibration feature can include a lockingfeature to inhibit unauthorized calibration and/or altering of theinformation about the output response. In certain situations, suchlocking can occur after a calibration process performed at an authorizedfacility such as a fabrication facility.

In certain situations, it may be desirable to provide at least somecapability for adjustments, customizations, and the like after lockingof the calibration feature and/or calibration information. In certainembodiments, the calibration feature can further include a key (e.g., anelectronic key) that allows an authorized party to unlock at least someof such functionalities. Locking, unlocking, and related operations forthe foregoing can be achieved in known manners.

In the foregoing description in reference to FIGS. 13-15, a linearrelationship between an output and an input is described as being one ofa number of possible relationships. In certain embodiments, such linearrelationship can arise from a translational position of the magnetrelative to the sensing element 108.

For example, in certain embodiments, the sensing element 108 can be anintegrated circuit having capability to detect three components (B_(X),B_(Y), B_(Z)) of a magnetic field. Such an integrated circuit (IC) caninclude, for example, a Hall sensing monolithic sensor IC (modelMLX90333) manufactured by Melexis Microelectronic Systems. Additionalinformation about the example IC-based sensor element can be found invarious documentations (including an application note) available at themanufacturer's website http://melexis.com.

For sensor elements having capability to detect two or more magneticfield components (such as the example Melexis sensor), a combination ofB_(Z) and a longitudinal component (e.g., B_(Y)) can yield a quantitythat has an approximately linear relationship with longitudinal positionof the magnet (relative to the sensor element). For example, θ=arctan(B_(Y)/B_(Z)) (θ defined as shown in FIG. 4C) can yield anapproximately linear response to longitudinal position of the magnetalong the Y-axis.

In certain embodiments, such an approximately linear relationshipbetween the example quantity θ and Y position can be extended to obtainan approximately linear relationship between the quantity θ and angularposition (α) of the shaft. Such extension of the relationship can bemade readily, since the angular position (α) of the shaft generally hasa linear relationship with translational motion of the magnet carriercoupled via substantially uniform threads.

In certain embodiments, the example linear relationship between theangular position (α) of the shaft and the magnetic field quantity θ canbe provided with an amplitude parameter that allows selection of adesired output range. For example, the amplitude parameter can beselected so as to yield output values in a range between approximately 0and 5 volts.

Although the foregoing example is described in the context of agenerally linear property that can result from some combination ofmagnetic field components, it will be understood that such detectedquantities do not necessarily need to be linear to begin with. Forexample, the example B_(Y) and/or B_(Z) components described inreference to FIG. 5 can be linearized by applying generally knowntechniques to calibration data points and/or representative curves.

In certain embodiments, an output of the rotational position sensor 100does not even need to be a linear response to the input rotation.Preferably, however, each angular position of the shaft has a uniquecorresponding output.

In various examples described herein, an output of the rotationalposition sensor 100 is sometimes described as being a voltage. It willbe understood, however, that the output can be in a number of differentforms. The output can be in either digital or analog format, and includebut not limited to signals based on pulse width modulation or serialprotocol.

In certain embodiments, the output of the rotational position sensor 100can be in a processed format. Such processing can include, for example,amplification and/or analog-to-digital conversion.

In certain embodiments, sensing of translational position of the magnet(and thus angular position of the shaft) can allow determination of arate in which such a position changes. Thus, as depicted schematicallyin FIG. 16, a sensor system 420 can include a position determinationcomponent 422 having features as described herein, and optionally a ratecomponent 424. In certain embodiments, the rate component can beconfigured to determine an average or an approximation of instantaneousrotational speed of the shaft by combining the position measurements asdescribed herein with time information (e.g., sampling period). Incertain embodiments, such a rate determination can be extended toestimation of angular acceleration of the shaft.

FIGS. 17A and 17B schematically depict non-limiting examples of systemswhere the rotational position sensor can be used. In one example system430 shown in FIG. 17A, a rotational position sensor 440 can be disposedbetween an actuator 432 and a controlled device 444 being mechanicallydriven by the actuator 432 via a mechanical coupling 436. Thus,mechanical output (arrow 434) of the actuator 432 can be coupled (arrow438) to the sensor 440 (via, for example, the shaft), and thatmechanical actuation can continue through the sensor 440 and betransmitted (arrow 442) to the controlled device 444.

The sensor 440 can operate as described herein so as to facilitatedetermination of, for example, the rotational state of the mechanicalcoupling (e.g., rotational position of the shaft). As shown, the sensor440 can be in communication with a controller 450 configured to control(line 452) the actuator 432 in response to the sensor's output. Incertain embodiments, such sensing and controlling of the actuator 432(and thus the controlled device 444) can be configured as a feedbackcontrol system.

FIG. 17B shows another example system 460 that can be a variation to thesystem of FIG. 17A. In the example configuration 460, a mechanicalcoupling component 466 can be configured to receive mechanical output(arrow 464) from an actuator 462 and provide separate mechanical outputs472 and 468. The output 472 can be provided to a controlled device 474,and the output 468 can be provided to a sensor 470. Similar to theexample system 430 of FIG. 17A, the sensor 470 can provide an output 434to a controller 480 configured to control (line 482) the actuator 462.Again, such sensing and controlling of the actuator 462 can beconfigured as a feedback control system.

As described in reference to FIGS. 17A and 17B, the exampleconfiguration 430 can be considered to be an inline type monitoringsystem, and the example configuration 460 can be considered to be aparallel type monitoring system. Other monitoring and/or feedbackconfigurations are also possible.

In one or more example embodiments, the functions, methods, algorithms,techniques, and components described herein may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware (e.g., including code segments), or anycombination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium. Tables, data structures, formulas, and soforth may be stored on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readablemedia include both computer storage media and communication mediaincluding any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer programfrom one place to another. A storage medium may be any available mediumthat can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media cancomprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage,magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othermedium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means inthe form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed bya general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose orspecial-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed acomputer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmittedfrom a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable,fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), orwireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then thecoaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wirelesstechnologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in thedefinition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compactdisc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD),floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce datamagnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

For a hardware implementation, one or more processing units at atransmitter and/or a receiver may be implemented within one or morecomputing devices including, but not limited to, application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digitalsignal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers,micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronicunits designed to perform the functions described herein, or acombination thereof.

For a software implementation, the techniques described herein may beimplemented with code segments (e.g., modules) that perform thefunctions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memoryunits and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implementedwithin the processor or external to the processor, in which case it canbe communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as isknown in the art. A code segment may represent a procedure, a function,a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a softwarepackage, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures,or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another codesegment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information,data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments,parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via anysuitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing,network transmission, etc.

Although the above-disclosed embodiments have shown, described, andpointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as appliedto the above-disclosed embodiments, it should be understood that variousomissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail of thedevices, systems, and/or methods shown may be made by those skilled inthe art without departing from the scope of the invention. Consequently,the scope of the invention should not be limited to the foregoingdescription, but should be defined by the appended claims.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art towhich this invention pertains. All publications and patent applicationsare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a housing; a rotatableshaft having a longitudinal axis, wherein at least a portion of theshaft is within the housing; a movable carrier disposed substantiallywithin the housing and coupled to the shaft such that rotation of theshaft results in linear motion of the carrier along the longitudinalaxis; a magnet having a magnetization axis and disposed on the carrierso as to move with the carrier such that a range of rotation of theshaft results in a range of linear motion of the magnet along thelongitudinal axis, the magnet oriented such that the magnetization axisis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; and a magneticsensor circuit having a sensor element disposed relative to the magnetand substantially within the housing, the sensor element configured tosense a first flux density along the magnetization axis and a secondflux density along a direction perpendicular to the magnetization axisresulting from the magnet and generate a signal based on the sensedfirst flux density and the second flux density, the range of linearmotion of the magnet including both longitudinal sides of the sensorelement such that the sensed first flux density has a maximum magnitudewhen the magnet is approximately aligned with the sensor element.